DCP

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Force may be defined as any action that tends to change the state of rest of a body to which it is applied.  A force can be defined quantitatively as the product of the mass of the body that the force is acting on and the acceleration of the force. P = m a  where, P = applied force              m = mass of the body (kg)              a = acceleration caused by the force (m/Square Sec) The force is an important factor in the field of Mechanics, which may be broadly defined as an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion.  Force is a vector quantity. Specifications or characteristics of a force are:   - Magnitude of the force (i.e. 100 N, 50 KN)   - Direction of the line, along which the force acts  (i.e. along  OX, OY, @ 30 ° NE).  It is known          as line of action of force.       - Nature of the force. (i.e. pull or push).       - The point @ which the force acts on the body.      Effects of a Force       -   It m

Power Trowel  is widely used in surface of concrete raised paste and trowel and smooth out in high-standard workshop, warehouse, parking lot, square, airport and frame-style building.  Troweling with a steel trowel is done when a smooth, dense surface is desired, such as a warehouse or garage floor. Troweling is not recommend for external slabs in Florida, add water, a little mold, and someone wearing flip flops and you have a extremely dangerous situation. Be sure the surface has been floated before troweling. Bull floating or darbying alone are not adequate preparation. To save time the finisher can float the slab then trowel it as he moves across the slab on knee boards. During the first troweling use a wide trowel (at least 4 ½” wide) one that has been broken in, or a trowel that has the edges machined to give it a broken in feel. This will allow the finisher to work the trowel flat without digging into the surface. Move the trowel across the slab in a sweepi

Since the subject of repairs and  rehabilitation is very exhaustive and entails great complexities /  varieties in terms of types of distress / deterioration, materials and techniques available for repairs and rehabilitations, it has always been a daunting task for the authors to select aspects to be covered in this book.  Following sections gives the panoramic view of this book organized into six chapters: Chapter 1 (Introduction)  gives quick overview and relevance of repairs and rehabilitation of  structures besides outlining general scenario of prevalence of deterioration of concrete structures,  broad reasons for distress in structures explaining what can go wrong with structures, and a general  roadmap and steps to be followed for carrying out any structural repairs and rehabilitation. This section also defines some of the important terms that are used in this book. Chapter 2 (Distress in Structures- Serviceability and Durability Aspects of Concrete)  elucidates

Longitudinal steel bars have been provided to resist the tensile forces in the bottom of the beam due to bending (or flexure). Rectangular steel links would normally be provided to resist the tensile forces in the beam due to shear. In the beam shown in below video, shear links have not been provided. So, the beam experiences a sudden, brittle, shear failure as the applied load exceeds the shear capacity of the concrete. Also, n ote that how a diagonal crack forms suddenly between the left-hand support and the applied load.

Flexural strength also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced Within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress. To overcome this type of failure, main steel is provided at the bottom/top of the beam. Flexural failure occurs at mid span of beam. There are many causes of flexural failure. The flexural failure is governed by concrete crushing after yielding of the steel. Indeed, the deformation capacity of the steel is normally not crucial.

The bend test is a simple and inexpensive qualitative test that can be used to evaluate both the ductility and soundness of a material. It is often used as a quality control test for butt-welded joints, having the advantage of simplicity of both test piece and equipment. No expensive test equipment is needed, test specimens are easily prepared and the test can, if required, be carried out on the shop floor as a quality control test to ensure consistency in production. The bend test uses a coupon that is bent in three point bending to a specified angle. The outside of the bend is extensively plastically deformed so that any defects in, or embrittlement of, the material will be revealed by the premature failure of the coupon. The bend test may be free formed or guided.

In a tensile test of mild steel specimen, usually a round or flat bar is gradually pulled in a testing machine until it breaks. Two points, called gauge points, are marked on the central portion. The distance between these points, before the application of the load, is called gauge length of the specimen. The extensions of the gauge length and the values of the corresponding loads are required at frequent intervals. The extensions are measured by an instrument called an extensometer. The strains corresponding to the recorded extensions are calculated by dividing the latter by the gauge length, while the stresses are calculated by dividing the loads by the original area of cross-section of the specimen. Stresses so arrived at is called nominal stress to distinguish it from actual stress which is obtained by dividing the load at a particular instant by the area of the cross-section at that instant. Actual stress is greater than nominal stress in a tensile test because the load in

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Earthquake Tips has been released by IITK and is targeted at persons interested in building construction. The Tips cover topics such as basic introduction to earthquakes and terminology such as magnitude and intensity, concepts of earthquake resistant design, and aspects of a seismic design and construction of buildings. Utmost care is taken to ensure that despite complexity of the concepts, the Tips are simple and unambiguous. To ensure the highest quality of technical contents, every Tip is carefully reviewed by two or more experts, both within and outside India and their feedback is used before finalizing the Tips. To Download II    Click Here    II

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This standard covers the earthquake resistant design of industrial structures, including stack-like structures, shall be designed and constructed to resist the earthquake effects and also provides the estimate of earthquake forces for design of such structures. The standard includes detailed provisions on general principles including ground motion (including necessary assumptions and increase in permissible stresses); design spectrum to be used and the seismic coefficients; categorization of industrial structures; detailed design criteria which includes design loads, load combinations, special design factors, etc. It also provides specific requirements for stack like structures which includes the design criteria; time period of vibration; design seismic force; dynamic analysis and special considerations for reinforced concrete stakes. To Download II    Click Here    II

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The provisions of this standard are applicable for design of structures like parking structures, security cabins and ancillary structures taking into account appropriate earthquake effects as per this standard. This standard is also applicable for design of temporary elements, such as scaffolding and temporary excavations. This standard does not deal with construction features relating to earthquake resistant buildings and other structures. For guidance on earthquake -resistant construction of buildings, reference may be made to the latest revisions of the following Indian Standards:  IS 4326, IS 13827, IS 13828, IS 13920, IS 13935 and IS 15988. The provisions of this standard are applicable even to critical and special structures, like nuclear power plants, petroleum refinery plants and large dams. For such structures, additional requirements may be imposed based on special studies, such as site-specific hazard assessment. In such cases, the earthquake effects specified by

IS 13920 : 2016 - Ductile Design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces-Code of practice  since it was first published in 1993. Most of the older provisions have been redrafted and modified for greater clarity and new provisions have been added. Much of the this revision is based on the IITK-GSDMA document of proposed draft provisions. To Download II    Click Here    II

IS 800 : 2007  is an Indian Standard  code of practice for general construction in steel. The earlier revision of this standard was done in year 1984 and the latest revision of 2007 was released on 22 February 2008. Find attached corrections in the present  IS 800 : 2007 . To Download II    Click Here     II

The structural practice handbook  SP:16-1980   Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456-1978  has tables and charts that helps structural engineers to rapidly design simple sections. Even though the design aid is based on the 1978 code, it continues to be used without revision as there have been no major changes to Section 5, on which the design aid is based. To Download II    Click Here    II

The Indian government today hiked the GST rate for the construction sector to 18 % from 12 %, but removed land value from computation of tax liability. While notifying the tax rates for central GST, IGST and Union Territory GST, the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) tweaked the tax rate and the mode for calculation. Construction of complex, building, civil structure, including a complex or building intended for sale to a buyer, wholly or partly, will attract a GST rate of 18 %. GST, however, will not be imposed on fully constructed properties, where completion certificate as been issued by competent authority.  The GST Council had in May decided to levy 12 per cent GST on construction of a complex, building, civil structure or intended for sale to a buyer, wholly or partly. The value of land was to be included in the amount on which tax was to be calculated.

IS 800  is an Indian Standard  code of practice for general construction in steel. The earlier revision of this standard was done in year 1984 and the latest revision of 2007 was released on 22 February 2008. To Download II   Click Here     II

During an event of earthquake, many different type of building failures were observed in the past. So, it is very much important to understand, building failure patterns and reasons of that to reduce the building failure ratio by improving it against future seismic events. It is quite important to understand what is pounding effect, reasons of occurrence and types of it, remedial measures to avoid it and some capturing of past failures. Among the possible structural damages, seismic induced Pounding is one of the main causes of severe building damages and commonly observed in several earthquakes. The non-structural damage involves, pounding or movement across separation joints, between adjacent structures. What is Seismic Pounding? The Seismic Pounding is simply defined as, collision of buildings constructed in close proximity with each other. Why Seismic Pounding occur? The principle reason for the seismic pounding is; - Insufficient separation in betwe